Monday, June 29, 2009
Sunday, June 15, 2008
BARASHADA COMPUTERKA
Kumbiyuutarka iyo taariikhdiisa
Waxaan casharkeenna koowaad ee taxanaha barashada kumbiyuutarka ku soo qaadan doonnaa qodobbada soo socda:
Waa maxay kumbiyuutar?
Taariikh kooban.
Noocyada Kumbiyuutarka.
Waa maxay kumbiyuutar?
Haddii aan adiga ku weydiinno, muxuu yahay waxa maskaxdaada ku soo dhacaya markaad maqasho ereyga kumbiyuutar? Waxaan filayaa inay jawaabtaadu noqonayso, waa aaladda aan hadda muraayaddeeda wax ka akhrinaayo ee xafiisyada iskuullda iyo guryahaba taalla loona isticmaalo keydinta qoraallada iyo akhbaaraha kala duwan.Ma khaldana jawaabtaadu haddii aad sidaan u qiyaasay u fikirtay. Laakiin ereyga kumbiyuutar wuxuu xambaarsan yahay micne intaas ka ballaaran.
Waxaan maalin walba si joogta ah ula kulannaa adeegsiga farsamada kumbiyuutarka oo wajiyo kala duwan nagu soo marta isuguna jirta mid aan garanayno in ay farsamada kumbiyuutarku ka dambayso iyo mid aynaan garanayn intaba.Farsamada kumbiyuutarku waxay afartankii sano ee ugu dambaysay door lixaad leh ku yeelatay dhammaan waxyaabaha naga soo gaaro warshadaha casriga ah. Waxay farsamadaasi ka mid noqotay waxyaabaha ay nolosha casriga ahi sida joogtada ah ugu baahan tahay ee ay ka mid yihiin korontada, taleefoonka iwm.
Waxaa laga yaabaa in marka aan lacag kala baxayno darbiyada (Bank automat) ama aan kaararka bangiyada wax ku iibsanayno aan garnayno ama aan tuhunsannahay in ay farsamadda kumbiyuutarku ka dambayso fulinta hawshaas. Laakiin marka aan taleefoon ka jawaabaynno ama aan isticmaalaynno mishiinnada dharka lagu dhaqdo ama aan fiidiyawga ku amraynno inuu noo duubo program TV-ga ka soo geli daana annagoo maqan, waxaa laga yaabaa in aynaan ka fikirayn inay farsamada kumbiyuutarku ka dambayso fulinta hawlahaas.
Dhammaan arrimaha aan kor ku soo sheegnay waxaa fulintooda ka dambeeya nooc ka mid ah farsamada kumbiyuutarka oo ku dhex dhisan hadba aaladda aan markaas adeegsanayno. Sidaa darteed kumyuutarku wuu ka ballaaran yahay inta ka muuqatay jawaabtii aan ku soo marnay billowgii casharkan.
Haddii aan meel dhaw ka soo qabanno kumbiyuutar waxaa la oran karaa waa aalad kasta oo koronto ku shaqaysa islamarkaana maamuli karta waxa loo yaqaan DATA oo ah akhbaar si gaar ah loo nidaamiyay. Aaladdaas oo leh xusuus laguna hagi karo program.
Taariikh kooban
Kumbiyuutarkii ugu horreeyay waxaa la soo saaray sanadkii 1946, Waxaana la oran jiray ENIAC. Wuxuu ka koobnaa in ka badan 18 000 (Siddeed iyo toban kun) oo waayarro waaweyn ah. Sida aad qiyaasi karto kumbiyuutarkaasi aad ayuu u weynaa wuxuuna keligiis buuxin jiray guri weyn. Miisaankiisu wuxuu ahaa 30 tan oo u dhiganta ilaa 30 baabuur oo yar yar.Kumbiyuutarkaas waxaa la isticmaalayay muddo toban sano ah laakiin haba weynaadee ma uusan qaban karin wax ka badan inta uu maanta qabto xisaabiyaha yar ee jeebka lagu qaato (calculator).
Sanadkii 1975 ayaa waxaa la soo saaray kumbiyuutarkii ugu horreeyay ee loogu tala galay isticmaalka guryaha iyo xafiisyada. Shirkadihii ugu horreeyay soo saaridda kumbiyuutarradaasna waxaa ka mid ahaa Apple, Commodore, Tandy, MITS iyo Atari.Sanadkii 1981 ayaa shirkadda IBM oo caan ku ahayd kumbiyuutarrada waaweyn waxay soo saartay kumbiyuutarkeedii ugu horreeyay oo loogu tala galay inuu qofka caadiga ahi isticmaalo. Sanadkaas wixii ka dambeeyay wuxuu horumarka kumbiyuutarku ku socday xawli aad u dheereeya taasoo keenatay in ay kumbiyuutarrada maanta la isticmaalaa ka dheereeyaan, ka awood badan yihiin kana miisaan fudud yihiin isla markaana uu qiimahahoodu aad iyo aad uga jaban yahay kii ay IBM soo saartay 1981.
Shirkado fara badan oo adduunka ku kala baahsan ayaa qaatay qaabdhismeedkii IBM, taasoo keentay in kumbiyuutarrada noocaas u dhisani ay suuqa qabsadaan. Waxaa kumbiyuutarrada noocaas u dhisan loo yaqaannaa Personal Computers(PC), waxaana soo baxay noocyo fara badan oo wata magacyo kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin: XT, AT, PS/2 iyo taxanaha 8086 oo ay ka mid yihiin kuwa loo yaqaan 286, 386, 486 iyo Pentium.Noocyadaas waxaan si faahfaahsan uga hadli doonnaa casharradeena dambe.
Noocyada kumbiyuutarka
Kumbiyuutarka waxaa maanta loo qeybiyaa afar nooc oo kala ah:
Super Computers
Big Computers
Mini Computers
Personal Computers
Super Computers iyo Big Computers
Aad bay u waaweyn yihiin waxaana uu qiimahoodu gaarayaa malaayiin doollar. Noocayadaan waxaa isticmaala shirkadaha aadka u waaweyn, hey'adaha dawladaha iyo jaamacadaha waaweyn, waxayna hal mar fulin karaan hawlo fara badan mana aha wax lala yaabo in boqolaal qof ay isku mar hal kumbiyuutar u diraan shaqooyin kala duwan uuna isku wakhti ugu wada fuliyo hawlahooda oo dhan.
Kumbiyuutarrada noocaan ah waxaa ka shaqeeya dad si gaar ah loogu tababaray oo la yiraahdo operators. Waxay kaloo u baahan yihiin xannaano gaar ah oo ah xagga cimilada taasoo micnaheedu yahay in laga ilaaliyo kulaylka iyo qabowga badan labaddaba.
Mini Computers
Mini Computers waxay la dhismo yihiin labada nooc ee hore laakiin wey ka baaxad yar yihiin. Waxaana loo isticmaalaa hawlaha warshadaha sida xisaabinta iyo hagidda hawl qabadkooda. Sida badan waxay isku mar qaban karaan ilaa konton arrimood.Noocaani labada nooc ee hore wuu uga adkaysi badan yahay xagga cimilada umana baahna operator joogto ah.
Personal Computers (PC)
Noocani waa nooca ugu yar inta badanna laga isticmaalo xafiisyada, iskoollada iyo guryahaba. Noocaan oo loo soo gaabiyo PC aad buu u yar yahay marka loo eego kuwii aan horay uga soo hadalnay, waxaa loogu tala galay in la saaro miis dushiis, iwm.PC waa nooca ugu badan xagga soo saaridda uguna jaban xagga qiimaha. Noocaan waxaa markii hore loogu tala galay in qofka isticmaalyaa uu markiiba isticmaalo hal program haddase waxaa caadi ah in la isku xiro kumbiyuutarro badan (Computer Network) halkaasna ay dad fara badani isku mar ku wada isticmaalaan hal program ama in ka badan.
. Personal Computers (PC)
Waxaan casharkeenii koobaad ku soo qeexnay waxa uu yahay kumbiyuutarku, inta nooc ee guud ahaan loo qaybiyo iyo nooc walba meelaha ama waxa inta badan loo isticmaalo. Casharkaan oo ah kii labaad waxaan si faahfaahsan ugaga hadli doonaa Personal Computers (PC) oo ah mid ka mid ah noocyaddii aan u soo kala qaybinay kumbiyuutarka.
Personal Computers oo loo soo gaabiyo PC waxay u kala baxaan laba nooc oo kala ah:
PC
Macintosh
Haddaba inta aanan sii dhexgalin dhismaha iyo qeybaha uu ka kooban yahay personal Computer-ku waxaan dib ugu yara noqonaynaa taariikhda noocaan kumbiyuutarrada ah iyo siday ku billowdeen:
Taariikhda Personal Computers
Sanadkii 1975 ayaa waxa lagu tilmaamaa inuu ahaa sanadkii uu noocaani dhashay oo soo saaristiisa la bilaabay. Joornaal la oran jiray Popular Electronics ayaa wuxuu sanadkaas soo bandhigay kumbiyuutar magiciisa loo bixiyey Altair 8800 oo ay soo saartay shirkad la oran jiray MITS. Kumbiyuutyarkaas oo ahaa PC-gii ugu horeeyay wuxuu qiimihiisu ahaa $397 doollar.
Sanadkii 1976 ayaa shirkadda Apple waxay soo saartay kumbiyuutar loo bixiyey Apple I. Processor-kiisa (maskaxda kumbiyuutarka) oo loo bixiyey 6502 waxaa lahaa shirkadda Motorola. Sannadkii 1977ayaa waxaa soo baxay Apple II oo isagu noqday fikrad lagu guulaystay muddo sanado badan ahna haystay suuqa PC-ga.
Sanadkii 1981 ayaa waxaa soo baxay kumbiyuutar aad wax uga beddelay taariikhda Personal Computers-ka. Kumbiyuutarkaas oo loo bixiyey IBM PC waxaa sida magiciisa ka muuqata soo saaray shirkadda IBM processor-kiisa oo ahaa 8088 waxaa lahaa shirkadda ilaa iyo maanta hormuudka u ah samaynta processor-adda ee la yiraahdo Intel. Program-ka kumbiyuutarka ka shaqaysiiya (Operating system) waxay IBM u dooratay MS-DOS oo ay soo saartay shirkad aan markaas aad loo aqoonin laakiin maanta haysata suuqa program-yada oo la yiraahdo Micrsoft (waa shirkadda samaysay Windows, Word, Excel, Powepoint, Internet Explorer iyo program-yo kale oo fara badan). IBM PC ma aysan lahayn Hard Drive oo ah halka lagu kaydiyo wixii kumbiyuutarka la galiyo. Waxayse lahayd Diskette (Cajaladda yar ee kumbiyuutarka loo isticmaalo) uu qaadkeedu ahaa 360 KB. IBM PC wuxuu noqday nooc si dhakhso ah suuqo ugu fiday muddo yar kadibna waxaa suuqa Personal Computers-ka qabsaday IBM PC iyo MS-DOS.
Sanadkii 1983 waxay IBM soo saartay IBM PC/XT. Noocaas oo lahaa Hard Drive qaaday 10 MB wuxuuna aad kor ugu qaaday isticmaalka Personal Computers-ka. Sanadkii 1984 waxay Intel soo saartay processor cusub oo loo bixiyey 80286 inta baddanna loo soo gaabiyo 286. Halkaasna waxaa ka billowday nambar taxane ah oo magac looga dhigay processor-adda ay soo saarto Intel. Taasina waxay keentay inay IBM soo saarto kumbiyuutar la oran jiray AT oo wata processor-ka 80286 iyo Diskette uu qaadkeedu ahaa 1,2 MB.
Sanadkii 1984 ayaa shirkadda Apple waxay soo saartay kumbiyuutarkii ugu horreeyay ee uu noociisu yahay Macintosh. Noocaasi wuxuu keenay in shirkadda Apple ay suuqa ku soo noqoto.
IBM waxay dooratay inay u bandhigto una fasaxdo cid kasta oo xiisaynaysa inay isticmaalaan farsamada ay kumbyuutarradeedu ku salaysan yihiin, halka ay Apple ka dooratay inay farsamadeeda gacanta ku haysato oo aysan cid kale u ogalaan. Arrintaasi waxay keentay inay shirkado fara badani qaataan farsamada IBM oo ay sameeyaan kumbiyuutarro ku salaysan habkii loo sameeyay IBM PC. Shirkadaha qaatay farsamada IBM waxaa ka mid ah Compaq, Dell, HP iyo kuwa fara badan oo aan halkaan lagu soo koobi karin. Shirkadahaasi waxay ilaa maanta soo saaraan kumbuyuutarro loo yaqaan IBM Compatibles oo micnaheedu yahay inay ku salaysan yihiin farsamadii IBM.
Sanadkii 1985 waxay Intel soo saartay processor-ka loo yaqaan 80386 loona soo gaabiyo 386. 386 wuxuu ahaa processor-kii ugu horreeyay ee uu noociisu yahay 32-bit. Taasina waxay keentay inay shirkado badani sameeyaan kumbiyuutarro wata processor-kaas.
1987-kii waxay Apple soo saartay Mac II oo watay processor loo bixiyey 68020. 1988-kiina waxa soo baxay Mac IIx oo wadatay processor-ka 68030 waxaana ku xigay processor-ka 68040. 1984 waxay Apple soo saartay Power Mac oo watay processor ay ka wada shaqeeyeen IBM, Apple iyo Motorola oo loo yaqaan PowerPC.
Sanadkii 1989 waxay Intel soo saartay processor-ka loo yaqaan 80486 loona soo gaabiyo 486. Processor-kaasi aad ayuu suuqa u qabsatay oo waxaa soo baxay kubiyuutarro aad u fara badan oo wata processor-kaas isla markaana si aad ah ayaa loo gatay. Markaa ayaa waxaa dhacday in shirkado kale oo aan ahayn Intel ayna ka mid yihiin Cyrix iyo AMD ay sameeyaan processor wata magaca 486. Taasi waxay keentay in Intel ay ka xumaato islamarkaana ay ku dacwooto in shirkadahaasi ay ku xad gudbeen xuquuqda Copyright-ka Intel. Waxayse maxkamaddii arrintaas la hor keenay go'aamisay in maadaamaa 486 ay tahay tiro, aanay cidina gaar u sheegan karin. Intel halkaas ayaa dacwadii looga adkaaday oo way weyday wax ay ku difaacdo magaca 486.
Sanadkii 1993 waxay Intel soo saartay processor-kii ku xigay 486. Laakiin halkii laga filaayay inuu magaciisu noqon doono 586 waxay u bixisay Pentium. Taasna waxay u yeeshay si ay ugu suurtowdo in ay sharci ahaan Copyright uga difaacdo shirkadaha kale inay magcaas la baxaan. Kadibna waxaa si isdaba joog ah u soo baxay Pentium MMX, Pentium Pro, Pentium II iyo Pentium III oo hadda ugu dambaysay.
Dhismaha Personal Computer (PC)
Sida aan ku soo sheegnay Casharka 2-aad, Personal Computers waxaa loo kala qeybiyaa laba qeybood oo kala ah PC iyo Macintosh. Kumbiyuutarrada noocaan ah ee maanta la isticmaalo 95% (boqolkiiba sagaashan iyo shan) waa PC. 5% (boqolkiiba shan) waa Macintosh. In kasta oo ay PC iyo Macintosh iskaga mid yihiin wax badan oo aan uga hadlayno casharkaan iyo casharradeena dambeeyaba haddana waxaa jira wax badan oo ay ku kala duwan yihiin. Sidaa darteed ayaan casharradeenna inta ka hartay waxaaan uga hadli doonnaa oo ay si gaar ah ugu saabsanasan doonaan nooca PC, maadaama uu yahay nooca ugu badan ee maanta la isticmaalo.
Dhismaha guud ee PC
PC waxay ka kooban tahay qeybo kala madax bannaan oo la iksu xiriiriyay. Qeybahaas waxaa guud ahaan loo sii kala qeybiyaa 4 (afar) qeybood oo waa weyn oo kala ah:
Computer Case oo ah qeybta u taagan kumbiyuutarka.
In Devices oo loo adeegsado in kumbiyuutarka akhbaar lagu galiyo.
Out Devices oo loo adeegsado in akhbaar kumbiyuutarka ku jirta lagula soo baxo.
In and Out Devices oo loo adeegsado in kumbiyuutarka wax lagu galiyo iyo in wax lagula soo baxo labadaba.
Afartaas qeybood ayaan mid mid u soo qaadanaynaa innagoo mid walba sheegayna waxna ka taabnayna qeybaha soo hoos gala iyo mid walba waxa loo adeegsado. Casharradeenna xiga ayaan qeybahaas si faafaahfaasan uga hadli doonnaa hadduu rabi idmo. Casharkaan waxaan ugu tala galnay inuu sawir guud ka bixiyo dhismaha PC.
Computer Case
Computer Case waa santuukha birta iyo balaastiga isku jira ka samaysan ee ay fiilooyinku xagga dambe kaga jiraan. Dadka badankiisu qeybtaan muhiim uma arkaan laakiin waa qeybta saldhigga u ah kumbiyuutarka iyo qeybaha uu ka kooban yahay. Run ahaantii kumbuutarku waa qeybtaan. Computer Case waxay u kala baxdaa laba nooc oo kala ah Tower iyo Desktop. Tower oo ah nooca kaaga muuqda sawirka waa nooca ugu badan ee la isticmaalo. Tower waxaa loogu tala galay in la dhigo dhulka miiska hoostiisa ah, wuuna ka waasacsan yahay oo ka qaad badan yahay Desktop. Desktop waa nooc jiifa waxaana loogu talagalay in la saaro miiska dushiisa. Screen-ka ayaana inta badan dusha laga sii saaraa.
Cumputer Case waxaa ku jira qeybaha kumbiyuutarka ugu muhiimsan uguna xasaasisan, waxayna qeybahaas u tahay gaashaan ka ilaaliya inay wax gaaraan. Waxaa kale oo ay kumbiyuutarka ka ilaalisaa kulaylka oo waxaa ku rakiban marwaxad qaboojisa oo hoos u dhigta heerkulka kumbiyuutarka si uusan u guban.
Qeybaha muhiimka ah ee ku dhexjira Combuter Case waxaa ka mid ah: Motherboard ama Mainboard oo ah sagxadda ay ku fadhiyaan waxa loo yaqaanno Cards oo aan uga hadli doonno casharrada dambe. Motherboard wuxuu xiriiriyaa oo uu korontada iyo akhbaarta u kala gudbiyaa dhammaan qeybaha kale ee kumbiyuutarka waana qeybta ugu muhiimsan kumbiyuutarka. Processor oo ah qeybta hagta ee maskaxda u ah kumbiyuutarka, xawaaraha kumbiyuutarkuna iyada ayuu ku xiran yahay. Hard Drive waa halka lagu kaydiyo wixii akhbaar ah ee kumbiyuutarka la galiyo. Memory waxaa si ku meelgaar ah loogu kaydiyaa wixii akhbaar ah ee diyaarinteeda gacanta lagu hayo inta aan la dooran in si rasmi ah loo kaydiyo. Wixii halkaas lagu kaydiyo waxaad heli kartaa inta uu kumbiyuutarku shidan yahay. Haddiise kumbiyuutka la damiyo wey lumayaan. Memory waxaa kale oo isticmaala hadba program-yada markaas shidan. Floppy Disk Drive waa halka kumyuutarka laga galiyo cajaladda yar ee kumbiyuutarrada lagu isticmaalo. CD-ROM waa halka kumbiyuutarka laga galiyo nooca cajaladda ah ee loo yaqaan CD. Cards waxaa la isku yiraahdaa kaarar loo isticmaalo hawlo kala duwan. Kaararkaas waxaa ka mid ah Sound Card, Graphic Card, Network Card, Video Card iwm.
Mid kasta oo ka mid ah qeybhaas cashar u gaar ah ayaan ku soo qaadan doonnaa markaa ayaanan si faahfaahsan uga hadli doonnaa. Waxaa aad muhiim u ah in Computer Case-ku ay waasac tahay waayo waxay taasi fududaynaysaa qulqulka hawada ka soo baxaysa marwaxadda. Waxaa kale oo ay taasi kuu suurto galinaysaa inaad kumbiyuutarkaaga sii dhisto oo aad ku sii kordhiso qeybo kale.
In devices
In devices waxaa sidaan soo sheegnay la isku yiraahdaa aaladaha loo adeegsado in kumbiyuutarka akhbaar lagu galiyo. Aaladahaas waxaa ka mid ah:
Keyboard
Waxaa loo adeegsadaa in kumbiyuutarka akhbaar lagu galiyo. Xarfaha Keyboard-ka ka muuqda iyo sida ay u safan yihiin labadaba waxay ku xiran yihiin hadba waddanka loogu tala galay in laga isticmaalo. Laakiin waxaa caadi ah inuu yeesho 101 ama 102 batoon iyo wixii ka badan. Nooca ka muuqda sawirka waa nooca caadiga ah laakiin waxaa jira noocyo qalqalloocan oo ay qolyaha samayay yiraahdaan waxaan u qaabaynay si gacmaha u roon.
Mouse
Mouse wuxuu noqday aalad aan laga maarmin marka ay soo baxeen operative systems ku salaysan graphic sida Windows. Waxa kale oo isticmaalkiisa sii badiyay internet oo inta badan lagu saleeyo in mouse-ka lagu taabto qoraal iyo sawirro kala duwan. Inta badan wuxuu leeyahay 2 ilaa 3 batoon. Waxaa jira qaar ay intaas u sii dheer tahay garaangar yar oo batoommada dhexdooda ku taalla oo loogu talgalay in bogga kor iyo hoos loogu socodsiiyo. Waxa kale oo uu sida caadiga ah dhanka hoose ku leeyahay kuul yar oo ku dul wareegata hadba meesha la dul saaro. Kuushaasi waxay suurto galisaa in fallaarta mouse-ka loo dhaqaajiyo hadba dhinacii la doono.
Scanner
Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in sawir ama qoraal buug ama warqad ku yaalla lagu akhriyo si kumbiyuutarka loo galiyo. Scanner waxaa ugu badan nooca loo yaqaan flat Scanner oo ah nooc u eg mishiinka loo isticmaalo koobiyeynta waraaqaha waana kan sawirka ka muuqda. Sida daabacaha ayuu scanner-ku wuxuu ku kala duwan yahay xagga xawaaraha iyo tayada waxa uu koobiyeeyo. Waxaa jira noocyo yaryar oo gacanta lagu qabto oo la dul mariyo waxa la koobiyeynayo. Noocaan waxaa inta badan lagu arkaa dukaammada waaweyn oo waxaa lagu akhriyaa kood ku dhaggan shayga aad gadatay oo sheegaya nooca iyo qiimaha shaygaas.
Makarafoon (Microphone)
Makrafoon inta badan gaar ayaa loo soo gataa oo lama socdo kumbiyuutarka waayo waxaa loo baahdaa marka aad adigu rabto inaad kumbiyuutarka cod ku duubto. Arrintaasna dadka intiisa badan waxaa laga yaabaa inaysan u baahan.
Joysticks
Waxaa loo isticmaalaa ciyaaraha kumbiyuutarka lagu ciyaaro sida kuwa dagaallada ee xabbadaha la rido, diyaarada, baabuurta iwm. Joystik wuxuu leeyahay gacan taagan oo dhinaca hore ku leh batoommo loo adeegsado hawlo kala duwan sida in xabbad la rido, in meel laga boodo, in la dhabacdo iwm. Gacan-ka laftiisa waxaa loo adeegsadaa in diyaarad, baabuur ama qof lagu hago sida in marba dhinac loo leexiyo, in horay ama gadaal loo socdo iyo in la joojiyo.
Gamepad
Gamepads waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa ciyaaraha baabuurta. Waxay inta badan u kala baxaan laba nooc. Nooc yar oo fidsan oo leh batoommo fara badan oo loogu tala galay hawlo kala duwan. Nooc ka kooban isteerin u eg kan baabuurta oo leh batoommo fara badan iyo qeyb dhulka la dhigo oo shabahda fariinka iyo sheelaraha baabuurta. Taasi waxay keentaa in qofka ciyaarayaa uu dareemo sidii inuu baabuur rasmi ah wado oo kale.
Out devices
Out devices waxaa iyagana sidaan soo sheegnay la isku yiraahdaa aaladaha loo adeegsado in akhbaar kumbiyuutarka ku jirta lagula soo baxo. Aaladahaas waxaa ka mid ah:
Monitor (Screen)
Monitor ama Screen waa muraayadda aad ka aragto waxa kumbiyuutarka ku jira. Monitor-ku waa qeyb muhiim ah waayo waa halka lagala xiriiro kumbiyuutarka. Monitor wuxuu leeyahay noocyo iyo cabirro kala duwan wuxuuna la shaqeeyaa oo isaga iyo kumbiyuutarka u kala turjuma kaar loo yaqaan Graphic Card oo ka mid ah kaararka ku jira sanduuqa kumbiyuutarka. Haddii monitor-kaaga ama Graphic Card-kaagu uu duq yahay waxay keenysaa in uu sawirka monitor-ka ka muuqdaa uu yara gargariiro oo uu indhahaaga wax u dhimo. Sidaa darteed waa muhiim in kumbiyuutarku uu leeyahay Monitor iyo Graphic Card casri ah oo ay tayadoodu fiican tahay.Monitor-ka waxaa lagu cabbiraa waxa loo yaqaan 'tum' oo ay astaan u tahay (") una dhigma 2,5 cm. Waxaa tusaale ahaan la cabbiraa fogaanta u dhaxaysa muraayadda geeskeeda bidixe ee hoose iyo geeskeeda midige ee sare. Cabbirrada monitor-ka waxaa ka mid ah 14", 15", 17", 19, 20", iyo 21". Kumbiyuutarrada cusub ee maanta suuqa yaallaa waxay u badan yihiin cabbirka 15" 17", iyo 19". Mar kasta oo uu cabbirka Monitor-ku sii weynaadaba waxaa sii kordha qiimihiisa.
Daabace (Printer)
Daabace waxaa loo isticmaalaa in akhbaar kumbiyuutarka ku jirta warqad lagu daabaco. Daabuhu inta badan lama socdo kumbiyuutarka laakiin gaar ayaa loo soo gataa. Daabucuhu wuu noocyo badan yahay oo wuxuu ku kala duwan yahay samayska farsamo ahaan, xawaaraha uu wax ku daabaco, tayada waxa uu daabaco iyo isticmaalkiisa oo kala fudud. Xagga farsamada waxaa loo kala qeybiyaa saddex qeybood oo waa weyn.Matrix Printer ama Dot Printer waa nooc duq ah oo aan inta badan maanta suuqa laga helin. Wuxuu adeegsadaa farsamo laga tagey oo adeegsnaysa irbado xarfaha dhibic dhic u qora. Noocaani aad ayuu u gaabiyaa waxa uu qorana aad ayay tayadoodu u hoosaysaa markuu wax qoraayana aad ayuu u qeyliyaa.Inkjet Printer waa nooca dadka caadiga ahi ay u badan yihiin wuxuuna adeegsadaa khad shubmaysa oo warqadda lagu cadaadiyo. Daabacahaani noocyo badan ayuu u sii kala baxaa wuxuuna ku sii kala duwan yahay xawaaraha, tayada iyo midabka waxa uu qoro iyo isticmaalka. Xagga tayada wuu ka fiican yahay nooca hore laakiin haddii tusaale ahaan qoyaan uu gaaro warqadda uu wax ku qoray waxaa dhacaysa in ay khaddu dhaqanto oo ay xarfuhu isku dardarsamaan. Sidaa darteed noocaan looma isticmaalo wixii qoraal ah ee la rabo in muddo badan la keydiyo.Laser Printer waa nooca ugu dheereeya uguna tayo fiican waxaana inta badan laga isticmaalaa xafiisyada dawliga ah, ururrada iyo shirkadaha waaweyn. Noocani wuxuu xagga farsamada, qaabka iyo cabbirkaba shabahaa mishiinnada loo isticmaalo koobiyeynta waraaqaha.
Samaacado (Speakers)
Kumbiyuutarrada maanta suuqa yaalla intooda badan waxaa la socda oo lagu soo gataa kaarka codka (sound Card) iyo samaacado. Samaacaduhu wey kala nooc iyo cabbir duwan yihiin. Laakiin inta badan waxtarkoodu qofka caadiga ah uma kala duwana. Samaacadaha waxaa loo adeegsadaa in lagu dhagaysto codka ka soo baxa program-yada kala duwan ee kumbiyuutarka lagu isticmaalo. Program-yada codka leh waxaa ugu badan kuwa ciyaaraha ah laakiin waxaa jira kuwo waxbarasho ah oo dhageysi ku salaysan. Xataa waxaa kale oo jira CD-yo uu ku duuban yahay quraanka oo dhan oo cod ahaan loo dhagaysto. Sidaa darteed waxaa muhiim ah in haddii aad kumbiyuutar gadanayso aad iska fiiriso inuu wato kaarka codka iyo samaacado.
In and Out devices
In and out Devices waa aaladaha loo adeegsado in akhbaar lagu galiyo loogalana soo baxo kumbiyuutarka. Aaladaha noocaas ah waxaa ka mid ah:
Modem
Waa aaladda suurto galisa in ay laba kumbiyuutar ama in ka badni xiriiraan iyagoo adeegsanaya laynka telefon-ka. Modem hawshiisa waxaa lagu soo koobi karaa in uu hadal qoraal ah u rogo cod si loogu diro laynka telefon-ka. Iyo inuu codka telefon-ka u rogo qoraal uu kubiyuutarku fahmi karo. Modem waa aaladda hadda kuu suurto galisay inaad timaaddo halkaan oo aad casharkaad akhriso.
Waxaan casharkeenna koowaad ee taxanaha barashada kumbiyuutarka ku soo qaadan doonnaa qodobbada soo socda:
Waa maxay kumbiyuutar?
Taariikh kooban.
Noocyada Kumbiyuutarka.
Waa maxay kumbiyuutar?
Haddii aan adiga ku weydiinno, muxuu yahay waxa maskaxdaada ku soo dhacaya markaad maqasho ereyga kumbiyuutar? Waxaan filayaa inay jawaabtaadu noqonayso, waa aaladda aan hadda muraayaddeeda wax ka akhrinaayo ee xafiisyada iskuullda iyo guryahaba taalla loona isticmaalo keydinta qoraallada iyo akhbaaraha kala duwan.Ma khaldana jawaabtaadu haddii aad sidaan u qiyaasay u fikirtay. Laakiin ereyga kumbiyuutar wuxuu xambaarsan yahay micne intaas ka ballaaran.
Waxaan maalin walba si joogta ah ula kulannaa adeegsiga farsamada kumbiyuutarka oo wajiyo kala duwan nagu soo marta isuguna jirta mid aan garanayno in ay farsamada kumbiyuutarku ka dambayso iyo mid aynaan garanayn intaba.Farsamada kumbiyuutarku waxay afartankii sano ee ugu dambaysay door lixaad leh ku yeelatay dhammaan waxyaabaha naga soo gaaro warshadaha casriga ah. Waxay farsamadaasi ka mid noqotay waxyaabaha ay nolosha casriga ahi sida joogtada ah ugu baahan tahay ee ay ka mid yihiin korontada, taleefoonka iwm.
Waxaa laga yaabaa in marka aan lacag kala baxayno darbiyada (Bank automat) ama aan kaararka bangiyada wax ku iibsanayno aan garnayno ama aan tuhunsannahay in ay farsamadda kumbiyuutarku ka dambayso fulinta hawshaas. Laakiin marka aan taleefoon ka jawaabaynno ama aan isticmaalaynno mishiinnada dharka lagu dhaqdo ama aan fiidiyawga ku amraynno inuu noo duubo program TV-ga ka soo geli daana annagoo maqan, waxaa laga yaabaa in aynaan ka fikirayn inay farsamada kumbiyuutarku ka dambayso fulinta hawlahaas.
Dhammaan arrimaha aan kor ku soo sheegnay waxaa fulintooda ka dambeeya nooc ka mid ah farsamada kumbiyuutarka oo ku dhex dhisan hadba aaladda aan markaas adeegsanayno. Sidaa darteed kumyuutarku wuu ka ballaaran yahay inta ka muuqatay jawaabtii aan ku soo marnay billowgii casharkan.
Haddii aan meel dhaw ka soo qabanno kumbiyuutar waxaa la oran karaa waa aalad kasta oo koronto ku shaqaysa islamarkaana maamuli karta waxa loo yaqaan DATA oo ah akhbaar si gaar ah loo nidaamiyay. Aaladdaas oo leh xusuus laguna hagi karo program.
Taariikh kooban
Kumbiyuutarkii ugu horreeyay waxaa la soo saaray sanadkii 1946, Waxaana la oran jiray ENIAC. Wuxuu ka koobnaa in ka badan 18 000 (Siddeed iyo toban kun) oo waayarro waaweyn ah. Sida aad qiyaasi karto kumbiyuutarkaasi aad ayuu u weynaa wuxuuna keligiis buuxin jiray guri weyn. Miisaankiisu wuxuu ahaa 30 tan oo u dhiganta ilaa 30 baabuur oo yar yar.Kumbiyuutarkaas waxaa la isticmaalayay muddo toban sano ah laakiin haba weynaadee ma uusan qaban karin wax ka badan inta uu maanta qabto xisaabiyaha yar ee jeebka lagu qaato (calculator).
Sanadkii 1975 ayaa waxaa la soo saaray kumbiyuutarkii ugu horreeyay ee loogu tala galay isticmaalka guryaha iyo xafiisyada. Shirkadihii ugu horreeyay soo saaridda kumbiyuutarradaasna waxaa ka mid ahaa Apple, Commodore, Tandy, MITS iyo Atari.Sanadkii 1981 ayaa shirkadda IBM oo caan ku ahayd kumbiyuutarrada waaweyn waxay soo saartay kumbiyuutarkeedii ugu horreeyay oo loogu tala galay inuu qofka caadiga ahi isticmaalo. Sanadkaas wixii ka dambeeyay wuxuu horumarka kumbiyuutarku ku socday xawli aad u dheereeya taasoo keenatay in ay kumbiyuutarrada maanta la isticmaalaa ka dheereeyaan, ka awood badan yihiin kana miisaan fudud yihiin isla markaana uu qiimahahoodu aad iyo aad uga jaban yahay kii ay IBM soo saartay 1981.
Shirkado fara badan oo adduunka ku kala baahsan ayaa qaatay qaabdhismeedkii IBM, taasoo keentay in kumbiyuutarrada noocaas u dhisani ay suuqa qabsadaan. Waxaa kumbiyuutarrada noocaas u dhisan loo yaqaannaa Personal Computers(PC), waxaana soo baxay noocyo fara badan oo wata magacyo kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin: XT, AT, PS/2 iyo taxanaha 8086 oo ay ka mid yihiin kuwa loo yaqaan 286, 386, 486 iyo Pentium.Noocyadaas waxaan si faahfaahsan uga hadli doonnaa casharradeena dambe.
Noocyada kumbiyuutarka
Kumbiyuutarka waxaa maanta loo qeybiyaa afar nooc oo kala ah:
Super Computers
Big Computers
Mini Computers
Personal Computers
Super Computers iyo Big Computers
Aad bay u waaweyn yihiin waxaana uu qiimahoodu gaarayaa malaayiin doollar. Noocayadaan waxaa isticmaala shirkadaha aadka u waaweyn, hey'adaha dawladaha iyo jaamacadaha waaweyn, waxayna hal mar fulin karaan hawlo fara badan mana aha wax lala yaabo in boqolaal qof ay isku mar hal kumbiyuutar u diraan shaqooyin kala duwan uuna isku wakhti ugu wada fuliyo hawlahooda oo dhan.
Kumbiyuutarrada noocaan ah waxaa ka shaqeeya dad si gaar ah loogu tababaray oo la yiraahdo operators. Waxay kaloo u baahan yihiin xannaano gaar ah oo ah xagga cimilada taasoo micnaheedu yahay in laga ilaaliyo kulaylka iyo qabowga badan labaddaba.
Mini Computers
Mini Computers waxay la dhismo yihiin labada nooc ee hore laakiin wey ka baaxad yar yihiin. Waxaana loo isticmaalaa hawlaha warshadaha sida xisaabinta iyo hagidda hawl qabadkooda. Sida badan waxay isku mar qaban karaan ilaa konton arrimood.Noocaani labada nooc ee hore wuu uga adkaysi badan yahay xagga cimilada umana baahna operator joogto ah.
Personal Computers (PC)
Noocani waa nooca ugu yar inta badanna laga isticmaalo xafiisyada, iskoollada iyo guryahaba. Noocaan oo loo soo gaabiyo PC aad buu u yar yahay marka loo eego kuwii aan horay uga soo hadalnay, waxaa loogu tala galay in la saaro miis dushiis, iwm.PC waa nooca ugu badan xagga soo saaridda uguna jaban xagga qiimaha. Noocaan waxaa markii hore loogu tala galay in qofka isticmaalyaa uu markiiba isticmaalo hal program haddase waxaa caadi ah in la isku xiro kumbiyuutarro badan (Computer Network) halkaasna ay dad fara badani isku mar ku wada isticmaalaan hal program ama in ka badan.
. Personal Computers (PC)
Waxaan casharkeenii koobaad ku soo qeexnay waxa uu yahay kumbiyuutarku, inta nooc ee guud ahaan loo qaybiyo iyo nooc walba meelaha ama waxa inta badan loo isticmaalo. Casharkaan oo ah kii labaad waxaan si faahfaahsan ugaga hadli doonaa Personal Computers (PC) oo ah mid ka mid ah noocyaddii aan u soo kala qaybinay kumbiyuutarka.
Personal Computers oo loo soo gaabiyo PC waxay u kala baxaan laba nooc oo kala ah:
PC
Macintosh
Haddaba inta aanan sii dhexgalin dhismaha iyo qeybaha uu ka kooban yahay personal Computer-ku waxaan dib ugu yara noqonaynaa taariikhda noocaan kumbiyuutarrada ah iyo siday ku billowdeen:
Taariikhda Personal Computers
Sanadkii 1975 ayaa waxa lagu tilmaamaa inuu ahaa sanadkii uu noocaani dhashay oo soo saaristiisa la bilaabay. Joornaal la oran jiray Popular Electronics ayaa wuxuu sanadkaas soo bandhigay kumbiyuutar magiciisa loo bixiyey Altair 8800 oo ay soo saartay shirkad la oran jiray MITS. Kumbiyuutyarkaas oo ahaa PC-gii ugu horeeyay wuxuu qiimihiisu ahaa $397 doollar.
Sanadkii 1976 ayaa shirkadda Apple waxay soo saartay kumbiyuutar loo bixiyey Apple I. Processor-kiisa (maskaxda kumbiyuutarka) oo loo bixiyey 6502 waxaa lahaa shirkadda Motorola. Sannadkii 1977ayaa waxaa soo baxay Apple II oo isagu noqday fikrad lagu guulaystay muddo sanado badan ahna haystay suuqa PC-ga.
Sanadkii 1981 ayaa waxaa soo baxay kumbiyuutar aad wax uga beddelay taariikhda Personal Computers-ka. Kumbiyuutarkaas oo loo bixiyey IBM PC waxaa sida magiciisa ka muuqata soo saaray shirkadda IBM processor-kiisa oo ahaa 8088 waxaa lahaa shirkadda ilaa iyo maanta hormuudka u ah samaynta processor-adda ee la yiraahdo Intel. Program-ka kumbiyuutarka ka shaqaysiiya (Operating system) waxay IBM u dooratay MS-DOS oo ay soo saartay shirkad aan markaas aad loo aqoonin laakiin maanta haysata suuqa program-yada oo la yiraahdo Micrsoft (waa shirkadda samaysay Windows, Word, Excel, Powepoint, Internet Explorer iyo program-yo kale oo fara badan). IBM PC ma aysan lahayn Hard Drive oo ah halka lagu kaydiyo wixii kumbiyuutarka la galiyo. Waxayse lahayd Diskette (Cajaladda yar ee kumbiyuutarka loo isticmaalo) uu qaadkeedu ahaa 360 KB. IBM PC wuxuu noqday nooc si dhakhso ah suuqo ugu fiday muddo yar kadibna waxaa suuqa Personal Computers-ka qabsaday IBM PC iyo MS-DOS.
Sanadkii 1983 waxay IBM soo saartay IBM PC/XT. Noocaas oo lahaa Hard Drive qaaday 10 MB wuxuuna aad kor ugu qaaday isticmaalka Personal Computers-ka. Sanadkii 1984 waxay Intel soo saartay processor cusub oo loo bixiyey 80286 inta baddanna loo soo gaabiyo 286. Halkaasna waxaa ka billowday nambar taxane ah oo magac looga dhigay processor-adda ay soo saarto Intel. Taasina waxay keentay inay IBM soo saarto kumbiyuutar la oran jiray AT oo wata processor-ka 80286 iyo Diskette uu qaadkeedu ahaa 1,2 MB.
Sanadkii 1984 ayaa shirkadda Apple waxay soo saartay kumbiyuutarkii ugu horreeyay ee uu noociisu yahay Macintosh. Noocaasi wuxuu keenay in shirkadda Apple ay suuqa ku soo noqoto.
IBM waxay dooratay inay u bandhigto una fasaxdo cid kasta oo xiisaynaysa inay isticmaalaan farsamada ay kumbyuutarradeedu ku salaysan yihiin, halka ay Apple ka dooratay inay farsamadeeda gacanta ku haysato oo aysan cid kale u ogalaan. Arrintaasi waxay keentay inay shirkado fara badani qaataan farsamada IBM oo ay sameeyaan kumbiyuutarro ku salaysan habkii loo sameeyay IBM PC. Shirkadaha qaatay farsamada IBM waxaa ka mid ah Compaq, Dell, HP iyo kuwa fara badan oo aan halkaan lagu soo koobi karin. Shirkadahaasi waxay ilaa maanta soo saaraan kumbuyuutarro loo yaqaan IBM Compatibles oo micnaheedu yahay inay ku salaysan yihiin farsamadii IBM.
Sanadkii 1985 waxay Intel soo saartay processor-ka loo yaqaan 80386 loona soo gaabiyo 386. 386 wuxuu ahaa processor-kii ugu horreeyay ee uu noociisu yahay 32-bit. Taasina waxay keentay inay shirkado badani sameeyaan kumbiyuutarro wata processor-kaas.
1987-kii waxay Apple soo saartay Mac II oo watay processor loo bixiyey 68020. 1988-kiina waxa soo baxay Mac IIx oo wadatay processor-ka 68030 waxaana ku xigay processor-ka 68040. 1984 waxay Apple soo saartay Power Mac oo watay processor ay ka wada shaqeeyeen IBM, Apple iyo Motorola oo loo yaqaan PowerPC.
Sanadkii 1989 waxay Intel soo saartay processor-ka loo yaqaan 80486 loona soo gaabiyo 486. Processor-kaasi aad ayuu suuqa u qabsatay oo waxaa soo baxay kubiyuutarro aad u fara badan oo wata processor-kaas isla markaana si aad ah ayaa loo gatay. Markaa ayaa waxaa dhacday in shirkado kale oo aan ahayn Intel ayna ka mid yihiin Cyrix iyo AMD ay sameeyaan processor wata magaca 486. Taasi waxay keentay in Intel ay ka xumaato islamarkaana ay ku dacwooto in shirkadahaasi ay ku xad gudbeen xuquuqda Copyright-ka Intel. Waxayse maxkamaddii arrintaas la hor keenay go'aamisay in maadaamaa 486 ay tahay tiro, aanay cidina gaar u sheegan karin. Intel halkaas ayaa dacwadii looga adkaaday oo way weyday wax ay ku difaacdo magaca 486.
Sanadkii 1993 waxay Intel soo saartay processor-kii ku xigay 486. Laakiin halkii laga filaayay inuu magaciisu noqon doono 586 waxay u bixisay Pentium. Taasna waxay u yeeshay si ay ugu suurtowdo in ay sharci ahaan Copyright uga difaacdo shirkadaha kale inay magcaas la baxaan. Kadibna waxaa si isdaba joog ah u soo baxay Pentium MMX, Pentium Pro, Pentium II iyo Pentium III oo hadda ugu dambaysay.
Dhismaha Personal Computer (PC)
Sida aan ku soo sheegnay Casharka 2-aad, Personal Computers waxaa loo kala qeybiyaa laba qeybood oo kala ah PC iyo Macintosh. Kumbiyuutarrada noocaan ah ee maanta la isticmaalo 95% (boqolkiiba sagaashan iyo shan) waa PC. 5% (boqolkiiba shan) waa Macintosh. In kasta oo ay PC iyo Macintosh iskaga mid yihiin wax badan oo aan uga hadlayno casharkaan iyo casharradeena dambeeyaba haddana waxaa jira wax badan oo ay ku kala duwan yihiin. Sidaa darteed ayaan casharradeenna inta ka hartay waxaaan uga hadli doonnaa oo ay si gaar ah ugu saabsanasan doonaan nooca PC, maadaama uu yahay nooca ugu badan ee maanta la isticmaalo.
Dhismaha guud ee PC
PC waxay ka kooban tahay qeybo kala madax bannaan oo la iksu xiriiriyay. Qeybahaas waxaa guud ahaan loo sii kala qeybiyaa 4 (afar) qeybood oo waa weyn oo kala ah:
Computer Case oo ah qeybta u taagan kumbiyuutarka.
In Devices oo loo adeegsado in kumbiyuutarka akhbaar lagu galiyo.
Out Devices oo loo adeegsado in akhbaar kumbiyuutarka ku jirta lagula soo baxo.
In and Out Devices oo loo adeegsado in kumbiyuutarka wax lagu galiyo iyo in wax lagula soo baxo labadaba.
Afartaas qeybood ayaan mid mid u soo qaadanaynaa innagoo mid walba sheegayna waxna ka taabnayna qeybaha soo hoos gala iyo mid walba waxa loo adeegsado. Casharradeenna xiga ayaan qeybahaas si faafaahfaasan uga hadli doonnaa hadduu rabi idmo. Casharkaan waxaan ugu tala galnay inuu sawir guud ka bixiyo dhismaha PC.
Computer Case
Computer Case waa santuukha birta iyo balaastiga isku jira ka samaysan ee ay fiilooyinku xagga dambe kaga jiraan. Dadka badankiisu qeybtaan muhiim uma arkaan laakiin waa qeybta saldhigga u ah kumbiyuutarka iyo qeybaha uu ka kooban yahay. Run ahaantii kumbuutarku waa qeybtaan. Computer Case waxay u kala baxdaa laba nooc oo kala ah Tower iyo Desktop. Tower oo ah nooca kaaga muuqda sawirka waa nooca ugu badan ee la isticmaalo. Tower waxaa loogu tala galay in la dhigo dhulka miiska hoostiisa ah, wuuna ka waasacsan yahay oo ka qaad badan yahay Desktop. Desktop waa nooc jiifa waxaana loogu talagalay in la saaro miiska dushiisa. Screen-ka ayaana inta badan dusha laga sii saaraa.
Cumputer Case waxaa ku jira qeybaha kumbiyuutarka ugu muhiimsan uguna xasaasisan, waxayna qeybahaas u tahay gaashaan ka ilaaliya inay wax gaaraan. Waxaa kale oo ay kumbiyuutarka ka ilaalisaa kulaylka oo waxaa ku rakiban marwaxad qaboojisa oo hoos u dhigta heerkulka kumbiyuutarka si uusan u guban.
Qeybaha muhiimka ah ee ku dhexjira Combuter Case waxaa ka mid ah: Motherboard ama Mainboard oo ah sagxadda ay ku fadhiyaan waxa loo yaqaanno Cards oo aan uga hadli doonno casharrada dambe. Motherboard wuxuu xiriiriyaa oo uu korontada iyo akhbaarta u kala gudbiyaa dhammaan qeybaha kale ee kumbiyuutarka waana qeybta ugu muhiimsan kumbiyuutarka. Processor oo ah qeybta hagta ee maskaxda u ah kumbiyuutarka, xawaaraha kumbiyuutarkuna iyada ayuu ku xiran yahay. Hard Drive waa halka lagu kaydiyo wixii akhbaar ah ee kumbiyuutarka la galiyo. Memory waxaa si ku meelgaar ah loogu kaydiyaa wixii akhbaar ah ee diyaarinteeda gacanta lagu hayo inta aan la dooran in si rasmi ah loo kaydiyo. Wixii halkaas lagu kaydiyo waxaad heli kartaa inta uu kumbiyuutarku shidan yahay. Haddiise kumbiyuutka la damiyo wey lumayaan. Memory waxaa kale oo isticmaala hadba program-yada markaas shidan. Floppy Disk Drive waa halka kumyuutarka laga galiyo cajaladda yar ee kumbiyuutarrada lagu isticmaalo. CD-ROM waa halka kumbiyuutarka laga galiyo nooca cajaladda ah ee loo yaqaan CD. Cards waxaa la isku yiraahdaa kaarar loo isticmaalo hawlo kala duwan. Kaararkaas waxaa ka mid ah Sound Card, Graphic Card, Network Card, Video Card iwm.
Mid kasta oo ka mid ah qeybhaas cashar u gaar ah ayaan ku soo qaadan doonnaa markaa ayaanan si faahfaahsan uga hadli doonnaa. Waxaa aad muhiim u ah in Computer Case-ku ay waasac tahay waayo waxay taasi fududaynaysaa qulqulka hawada ka soo baxaysa marwaxadda. Waxaa kale oo ay taasi kuu suurto galinaysaa inaad kumbiyuutarkaaga sii dhisto oo aad ku sii kordhiso qeybo kale.
In devices
In devices waxaa sidaan soo sheegnay la isku yiraahdaa aaladaha loo adeegsado in kumbiyuutarka akhbaar lagu galiyo. Aaladahaas waxaa ka mid ah:
Keyboard
Waxaa loo adeegsadaa in kumbiyuutarka akhbaar lagu galiyo. Xarfaha Keyboard-ka ka muuqda iyo sida ay u safan yihiin labadaba waxay ku xiran yihiin hadba waddanka loogu tala galay in laga isticmaalo. Laakiin waxaa caadi ah inuu yeesho 101 ama 102 batoon iyo wixii ka badan. Nooca ka muuqda sawirka waa nooca caadiga ah laakiin waxaa jira noocyo qalqalloocan oo ay qolyaha samayay yiraahdaan waxaan u qaabaynay si gacmaha u roon.
Mouse
Mouse wuxuu noqday aalad aan laga maarmin marka ay soo baxeen operative systems ku salaysan graphic sida Windows. Waxa kale oo isticmaalkiisa sii badiyay internet oo inta badan lagu saleeyo in mouse-ka lagu taabto qoraal iyo sawirro kala duwan. Inta badan wuxuu leeyahay 2 ilaa 3 batoon. Waxaa jira qaar ay intaas u sii dheer tahay garaangar yar oo batoommada dhexdooda ku taalla oo loogu talgalay in bogga kor iyo hoos loogu socodsiiyo. Waxa kale oo uu sida caadiga ah dhanka hoose ku leeyahay kuul yar oo ku dul wareegata hadba meesha la dul saaro. Kuushaasi waxay suurto galisaa in fallaarta mouse-ka loo dhaqaajiyo hadba dhinacii la doono.
Scanner
Waxaa loo isticmaalaa in sawir ama qoraal buug ama warqad ku yaalla lagu akhriyo si kumbiyuutarka loo galiyo. Scanner waxaa ugu badan nooca loo yaqaan flat Scanner oo ah nooc u eg mishiinka loo isticmaalo koobiyeynta waraaqaha waana kan sawirka ka muuqda. Sida daabacaha ayuu scanner-ku wuxuu ku kala duwan yahay xagga xawaaraha iyo tayada waxa uu koobiyeeyo. Waxaa jira noocyo yaryar oo gacanta lagu qabto oo la dul mariyo waxa la koobiyeynayo. Noocaan waxaa inta badan lagu arkaa dukaammada waaweyn oo waxaa lagu akhriyaa kood ku dhaggan shayga aad gadatay oo sheegaya nooca iyo qiimaha shaygaas.
Makarafoon (Microphone)
Makrafoon inta badan gaar ayaa loo soo gataa oo lama socdo kumbiyuutarka waayo waxaa loo baahdaa marka aad adigu rabto inaad kumbiyuutarka cod ku duubto. Arrintaasna dadka intiisa badan waxaa laga yaabaa inaysan u baahan.
Joysticks
Waxaa loo isticmaalaa ciyaaraha kumbiyuutarka lagu ciyaaro sida kuwa dagaallada ee xabbadaha la rido, diyaarada, baabuurta iwm. Joystik wuxuu leeyahay gacan taagan oo dhinaca hore ku leh batoommo loo adeegsado hawlo kala duwan sida in xabbad la rido, in meel laga boodo, in la dhabacdo iwm. Gacan-ka laftiisa waxaa loo adeegsadaa in diyaarad, baabuur ama qof lagu hago sida in marba dhinac loo leexiyo, in horay ama gadaal loo socdo iyo in la joojiyo.
Gamepad
Gamepads waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa ciyaaraha baabuurta. Waxay inta badan u kala baxaan laba nooc. Nooc yar oo fidsan oo leh batoommo fara badan oo loogu tala galay hawlo kala duwan. Nooc ka kooban isteerin u eg kan baabuurta oo leh batoommo fara badan iyo qeyb dhulka la dhigo oo shabahda fariinka iyo sheelaraha baabuurta. Taasi waxay keentaa in qofka ciyaarayaa uu dareemo sidii inuu baabuur rasmi ah wado oo kale.
Out devices
Out devices waxaa iyagana sidaan soo sheegnay la isku yiraahdaa aaladaha loo adeegsado in akhbaar kumbiyuutarka ku jirta lagula soo baxo. Aaladahaas waxaa ka mid ah:
Monitor (Screen)
Monitor ama Screen waa muraayadda aad ka aragto waxa kumbiyuutarka ku jira. Monitor-ku waa qeyb muhiim ah waayo waa halka lagala xiriiro kumbiyuutarka. Monitor wuxuu leeyahay noocyo iyo cabirro kala duwan wuxuuna la shaqeeyaa oo isaga iyo kumbiyuutarka u kala turjuma kaar loo yaqaan Graphic Card oo ka mid ah kaararka ku jira sanduuqa kumbiyuutarka. Haddii monitor-kaaga ama Graphic Card-kaagu uu duq yahay waxay keenysaa in uu sawirka monitor-ka ka muuqdaa uu yara gargariiro oo uu indhahaaga wax u dhimo. Sidaa darteed waa muhiim in kumbiyuutarku uu leeyahay Monitor iyo Graphic Card casri ah oo ay tayadoodu fiican tahay.Monitor-ka waxaa lagu cabbiraa waxa loo yaqaan 'tum' oo ay astaan u tahay (") una dhigma 2,5 cm. Waxaa tusaale ahaan la cabbiraa fogaanta u dhaxaysa muraayadda geeskeeda bidixe ee hoose iyo geeskeeda midige ee sare. Cabbirrada monitor-ka waxaa ka mid ah 14", 15", 17", 19, 20", iyo 21". Kumbiyuutarrada cusub ee maanta suuqa yaallaa waxay u badan yihiin cabbirka 15" 17", iyo 19". Mar kasta oo uu cabbirka Monitor-ku sii weynaadaba waxaa sii kordha qiimihiisa.
Daabace (Printer)
Daabace waxaa loo isticmaalaa in akhbaar kumbiyuutarka ku jirta warqad lagu daabaco. Daabuhu inta badan lama socdo kumbiyuutarka laakiin gaar ayaa loo soo gataa. Daabucuhu wuu noocyo badan yahay oo wuxuu ku kala duwan yahay samayska farsamo ahaan, xawaaraha uu wax ku daabaco, tayada waxa uu daabaco iyo isticmaalkiisa oo kala fudud. Xagga farsamada waxaa loo kala qeybiyaa saddex qeybood oo waa weyn.Matrix Printer ama Dot Printer waa nooc duq ah oo aan inta badan maanta suuqa laga helin. Wuxuu adeegsadaa farsamo laga tagey oo adeegsnaysa irbado xarfaha dhibic dhic u qora. Noocaani aad ayuu u gaabiyaa waxa uu qorana aad ayay tayadoodu u hoosaysaa markuu wax qoraayana aad ayuu u qeyliyaa.Inkjet Printer waa nooca dadka caadiga ahi ay u badan yihiin wuxuuna adeegsadaa khad shubmaysa oo warqadda lagu cadaadiyo. Daabacahaani noocyo badan ayuu u sii kala baxaa wuxuuna ku sii kala duwan yahay xawaaraha, tayada iyo midabka waxa uu qoro iyo isticmaalka. Xagga tayada wuu ka fiican yahay nooca hore laakiin haddii tusaale ahaan qoyaan uu gaaro warqadda uu wax ku qoray waxaa dhacaysa in ay khaddu dhaqanto oo ay xarfuhu isku dardarsamaan. Sidaa darteed noocaan looma isticmaalo wixii qoraal ah ee la rabo in muddo badan la keydiyo.Laser Printer waa nooca ugu dheereeya uguna tayo fiican waxaana inta badan laga isticmaalaa xafiisyada dawliga ah, ururrada iyo shirkadaha waaweyn. Noocani wuxuu xagga farsamada, qaabka iyo cabbirkaba shabahaa mishiinnada loo isticmaalo koobiyeynta waraaqaha.
Samaacado (Speakers)
Kumbiyuutarrada maanta suuqa yaalla intooda badan waxaa la socda oo lagu soo gataa kaarka codka (sound Card) iyo samaacado. Samaacaduhu wey kala nooc iyo cabbir duwan yihiin. Laakiin inta badan waxtarkoodu qofka caadiga ah uma kala duwana. Samaacadaha waxaa loo adeegsadaa in lagu dhagaysto codka ka soo baxa program-yada kala duwan ee kumbiyuutarka lagu isticmaalo. Program-yada codka leh waxaa ugu badan kuwa ciyaaraha ah laakiin waxaa jira kuwo waxbarasho ah oo dhageysi ku salaysan. Xataa waxaa kale oo jira CD-yo uu ku duuban yahay quraanka oo dhan oo cod ahaan loo dhagaysto. Sidaa darteed waxaa muhiim ah in haddii aad kumbiyuutar gadanayso aad iska fiiriso inuu wato kaarka codka iyo samaacado.
In and Out devices
In and out Devices waa aaladaha loo adeegsado in akhbaar lagu galiyo loogalana soo baxo kumbiyuutarka. Aaladaha noocaas ah waxaa ka mid ah:
Modem
Waa aaladda suurto galisa in ay laba kumbiyuutar ama in ka badni xiriiraan iyagoo adeegsanaya laynka telefon-ka. Modem hawshiisa waxaa lagu soo koobi karaa in uu hadal qoraal ah u rogo cod si loogu diro laynka telefon-ka. Iyo inuu codka telefon-ka u rogo qoraal uu kubiyuutarku fahmi karo. Modem waa aaladda hadda kuu suurto galisay inaad timaaddo halkaan oo aad casharkaad akhriso.
Friday, June 13, 2008
Graduation Ceremony
UNIVERSITY OF HARGEISA
This is my graduation ceremony about bachelor
degree of Business Administration and Financial Accounting.
Here is my Curriculum Vitae
Curriculum Vitae (C.V)
Mohamed Aden Ahmed
Telephone (mobile): 4444040
E-mail: guun80@hotmail.com
Date of Birth: 1980 Residence: Hargeisa. Marital Status: Single. Nationality: Somaliland
PERSONAL PROFILE
Experienced financial and managerial academic person with significant capabilities, and conceptual thinking skills.
Also an IT (Information Technology) proficient with excellent Hardware & Networking skills, and organisational ability practised in the use of office programs and some accounting packages.
Strong team working and multi-tasking cleverness, successfully completes projects in time and Knowledge of general office procedures.
SKILLS and achievements
Bachelor of Business Administration (4 years)
Hardware, Software and Networking (1 year)
Participated financial management, project proposal & development, leadership and strategic planning workshops, and also voluntarily worked as an accountant for LNGO in managing all financial transactions, budget setting, monitoring, project accounting
Professional report writing, project proposal writing and correspondence writing skills
Advance user of office programs like Excel, Access and Word, etc
User of Peachtree, QuickBooks and tally accounting packages.
Computer hardware and software maintenance and configuration of PC network.
RELEVANT WORK EXPERIENCE
Oct 2003-Nov 2007 SL Governmental Auditor Agency Hargeisa
As Registrar officer Oct 2003-Dec 2004
· Register all government budgetary receipt and payment documents
· Monitor and register applications of issuing general receipt vouchers (GR) for governmental units, agencies and municipalities.
· Monitor and maintain government budgetary and financial procedures
· Calculate appropriate amount of budget payments for every governmental units or ministries quarterly
· Responsible for verification and correcting the chronological, sequential and serialization of all governmental documents;
· Assist all government information required by auditors at time.
· Automate excel to produce effective and timely information.
As Accountant Jan 2005-Dec 2006
Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.
Analyze business operations, trends, costs, financial commitments, and obligations, to project future expenses or to provide advice.
Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.
Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.
Develop, maintain, and analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.
Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.
Prepare forms and manuals for accounting and bookkeeping personnel.
Survey operations to ascertain accounting needs and to recommend, develop, or maintain solutions to business and financial problems.
Advise management about issues such as resource utilization, and the assumptions underlying budget forecasts.
Report to Directors at the conclusion of each month’s reporting deadlines, detailing both variances from budgets as well as underlying explanations for variance.
Prepare monthly bank reconciliation and petty cash replenishment.
Prepare payroll and other payments for expense-claims.
Keep control of inventory and equipment register.
Act and practice administrative and human resource functions during Administrator’s Leave or Absence.
Develop financial procedures for the entire organization in collaboration with the directors.
As Auditor Jan 2007-Nov 2007
Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.
Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.
Prepare detailed reports on audit findings on compliance with laws and regulations and on internal control over financial reporting.
Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.
Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.
Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.
Prepare, analyze, and verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.
Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.
Inspect cash on hand, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.
Assessment of accounting, financial and internal controls.
Report fair and relevant information about governmental units, agencies and municipalities in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards when it is needed.
Dec 2007-Current STVS (Sheikh Technical Veterinary School) Sheikh
As IT Technician Dec 2007-Current
Answer user inquiries regarding computer software or hardware operation to resolve problems.
Enter commands and observe system functioning to verify correct operations and detect errors.
Install and perform minor repairs to hardware, software, or peripheral equipment, following design or installation specifications.
Oversee the daily performance of computer systems.
Set up equipment for employee use, performing or ensuring proper installation of cables, operating systems, or appropriate software.
Read technical manuals, confer with users, or conduct computer diagnostics to investigate and resolve problems or to provide technical assistance and support. .
Develop training materials and procedures, or train users in the proper use of hardware or software.
Refer major Refer major hardware or software problems or defective products to vendors or technicians for service.
· Maintain, Fix, and Update the all computers, printers, photocopiers, data projectors and scanners.
· Manage, configure, connect, and maintain the network and internet connections.
· Responsible the overall IT and communication of STVS.
· Supervise students' computer laboratory work.
· Maintain regularly scheduled office hours in order to advise and assist students.
EDUCATION
University of Hargeisa BBA 2003-2007
New Horizon Collage DIPLOMA OF IT 2005-2006
Bursade Secondary School, Berbera GCSE 1999-2003
UNDP/UNCTAD (Berbera Port Training Centre) July 1999-Dec 2001
· Business Accounting
· Business Management
· Cost Accounting
· Personnel Management
· Secretarial Duties
· Computer Course: Word, Excel, Access, Dbase III plus.
University of Hargeisa Peachtree & Quick Book Accounting Software
ADDITIONAL SKILLS
Wide General knowledge in overall management of financial, quality and IT (Information Technology)
LANGUAGES
Somali: Mother tongue
English: Fluent
Arabic: Fair
REFERENCES:
Ms Hodan A/rahman Moge
UN-HABITAT Financial Officer
Tel: 00252-2-4425068 telesom mobile
Mr Mohamud Abokor Mohamed
UNA Assistant Project Manager
Tel: 00252-2-4446869 telesom mobile
This is my graduation ceremony about bachelor
degree of Business Administration and Financial Accounting.Here is my Curriculum Vitae
Curriculum Vitae (C.V)
Mohamed Aden Ahmed
Telephone (mobile): 4444040
E-mail: guun80@hotmail.com
Date of Birth: 1980 Residence: Hargeisa. Marital Status: Single. Nationality: Somaliland
PERSONAL PROFILE
Experienced financial and managerial academic person with significant capabilities, and conceptual thinking skills.
Also an IT (Information Technology) proficient with excellent Hardware & Networking skills, and organisational ability practised in the use of office programs and some accounting packages.
Strong team working and multi-tasking cleverness, successfully completes projects in time and Knowledge of general office procedures.
SKILLS and achievements
Bachelor of Business Administration (4 years)
Hardware, Software and Networking (1 year)
Participated financial management, project proposal & development, leadership and strategic planning workshops, and also voluntarily worked as an accountant for LNGO in managing all financial transactions, budget setting, monitoring, project accounting
Professional report writing, project proposal writing and correspondence writing skills
Advance user of office programs like Excel, Access and Word, etc
User of Peachtree, QuickBooks and tally accounting packages.
Computer hardware and software maintenance and configuration of PC network.
RELEVANT WORK EXPERIENCE
Oct 2003-Nov 2007 SL Governmental Auditor Agency Hargeisa
As Registrar officer Oct 2003-Dec 2004
· Register all government budgetary receipt and payment documents
· Monitor and register applications of issuing general receipt vouchers (GR) for governmental units, agencies and municipalities.
· Monitor and maintain government budgetary and financial procedures
· Calculate appropriate amount of budget payments for every governmental units or ministries quarterly
· Responsible for verification and correcting the chronological, sequential and serialization of all governmental documents;
· Assist all government information required by auditors at time.
· Automate excel to produce effective and timely information.
As Accountant Jan 2005-Dec 2006
Prepare, examine, or analyze accounting records, financial statements, or other financial reports to assess accuracy, completeness, and conformance to reporting and procedural standards.
Analyze business operations, trends, costs, financial commitments, and obligations, to project future expenses or to provide advice.
Report to management regarding the finances of establishment.
Establish tables of accounts and assign entries to proper accounts.
Develop, maintain, and analyze budgets, preparing periodic reports that compare budgeted costs to actual costs.
Develop, implement, modify, and document recordkeeping and accounting systems, making use of current computer technology.
Prepare forms and manuals for accounting and bookkeeping personnel.
Survey operations to ascertain accounting needs and to recommend, develop, or maintain solutions to business and financial problems.
Advise management about issues such as resource utilization, and the assumptions underlying budget forecasts.
Report to Directors at the conclusion of each month’s reporting deadlines, detailing both variances from budgets as well as underlying explanations for variance.
Prepare monthly bank reconciliation and petty cash replenishment.
Prepare payroll and other payments for expense-claims.
Keep control of inventory and equipment register.
Act and practice administrative and human resource functions during Administrator’s Leave or Absence.
Develop financial procedures for the entire organization in collaboration with the directors.
As Auditor Jan 2007-Nov 2007
Collect and analyze data to detect deficient controls, duplicated effort, extravagance, fraud, or non-compliance with laws, regulations, and management policies.
Report to management about asset utilization and audit results, and recommend changes in operations and financial activities.
Prepare detailed reports on audit findings on compliance with laws and regulations and on internal control over financial reporting.
Inspect account books and accounting systems for efficiency, effectiveness, and use of accepted accounting procedures to record transactions.
Examine and evaluate financial and information systems, recommending controls to ensure system reliability and data integrity.
Supervise auditing of establishments, and determine scope of investigation required.
Prepare, analyze, and verify annual reports, financial statements, and other records, using accepted accounting and statistical procedures to assess financial condition and facilitate financial planning.
Confer with company officials about financial and regulatory matters.
Inspect cash on hand, and canceled checks to confirm records are accurate.
Assessment of accounting, financial and internal controls.
Report fair and relevant information about governmental units, agencies and municipalities in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards when it is needed.
Dec 2007-Current STVS (Sheikh Technical Veterinary School) Sheikh
As IT Technician Dec 2007-Current
Answer user inquiries regarding computer software or hardware operation to resolve problems.
Enter commands and observe system functioning to verify correct operations and detect errors.
Install and perform minor repairs to hardware, software, or peripheral equipment, following design or installation specifications.
Oversee the daily performance of computer systems.
Set up equipment for employee use, performing or ensuring proper installation of cables, operating systems, or appropriate software.
Read technical manuals, confer with users, or conduct computer diagnostics to investigate and resolve problems or to provide technical assistance and support. .
Develop training materials and procedures, or train users in the proper use of hardware or software.
Refer major Refer major hardware or software problems or defective products to vendors or technicians for service.
· Maintain, Fix, and Update the all computers, printers, photocopiers, data projectors and scanners.
· Manage, configure, connect, and maintain the network and internet connections.
· Responsible the overall IT and communication of STVS.
· Supervise students' computer laboratory work.
· Maintain regularly scheduled office hours in order to advise and assist students.
EDUCATION
University of Hargeisa BBA 2003-2007
New Horizon Collage DIPLOMA OF IT 2005-2006
Bursade Secondary School, Berbera GCSE 1999-2003
UNDP/UNCTAD (Berbera Port Training Centre) July 1999-Dec 2001
· Business Accounting
· Business Management
· Cost Accounting
· Personnel Management
· Secretarial Duties
· Computer Course: Word, Excel, Access, Dbase III plus.
University of Hargeisa Peachtree & Quick Book Accounting Software
ADDITIONAL SKILLS
Wide General knowledge in overall management of financial, quality and IT (Information Technology)
LANGUAGES
Somali: Mother tongue
English: Fluent
Arabic: Fair
REFERENCES:
Ms Hodan A/rahman Moge
UN-HABITAT Financial Officer
Tel: 00252-2-4425068 telesom mobile
Mr Mohamud Abokor Mohamed
UNA Assistant Project Manager
Tel: 00252-2-4446869 telesom mobile
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